The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who established an empire in the 18th-13th centuries BCE, and ruled over most of Anatolia and parts of Syria and Mesopotamia. They are known for their military prowess, their cuneiform script, and their interaction with other ancient powers such as Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon.
The Luwians were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a related language to the Hittites, and inhabited parts of western and southern Anatolia. They were involved in the Trojan War, and later formed several Neo-Hittite states after the collapse of the Hittite Empire. They also contributed to the development of the Phrygian and Lydian cultures.
The Phrygians were an ancient Indo-European people who migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans in the 12th century BCE, and established a kingdom in central and western Anatolia. They are known for their distinctive art, mythology, and music, and for their legendary king Midas, who is said to have turned everything he touched into gold.
The Lydians were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a related language to the Luwians, and inhabited the western part of Anatolia. They are credited with inventing coinage, and for their rich and powerful kingdom in the 7th-6th centuries BCE, which was conquered by the Persians. They are also known for their famed king Croesus, who was renowned for his wealth and wisdom.
The Urartians were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language unrelated to the Indo-European and Semitic languages of the region, and inhabited the eastern part of Anatolia and the southern Caucasus. They formed a powerful and organized kingdom in the 9th-6th centuries BCE, and were rivals of the Assyrians and the Medes. They are known for their art, architecture, and metallurgy.